ارزیابی اثر ویژگی های مصالح بر پاسخ دینامیکی روسازی انعطاف پذیر تحت بار FWD

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

فرزانه قدیانی نژاد رزکی

محمدرضا خانمحمدی

مهدی شجاعی

دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان.

10.22067/jfcei.2025.95401.1375

چکیده

ارزیابی دقیق عملکرد سازه‌ای روسازی تحت بارگذاری دینامیکی آزمون افت‌وخیزسنج ضربه‌ای (FWD)، مستلزم در نظر گرفتن هم‌زمان ویژگی‌های پیچیده مصالح و شرایط بارگذاری است؛ موضوعی که در بسیاری از مطالعات پیشین به‌صورت محدود یا جداگانه بررسی شده است. در این پژوهش، با بهره‌گیری از آزمون افت‌وخیزسنج ضربه‌ای یک مدل اجزای محدود برای شبیه‌سازی دینامیکی پاسخ روسازی انعطاف‌پذیر توسعه داده شد. این مدل در قالب یک مورد عملی از یک روسازی در استان خوزستان به‌کار گرفته شد و پس از اعتبارسنجی، تأثیر عواملی نظیر تحلیل دینامیکی، ویژگی ویسکوالاستیسیته لایه آسفالتی، ویژگی ناهمسانگردی و غیرخطی بودن مصالح غیرآسفالتی و حضور سنگ بستر بررسی شد. جهت لحاظ ‌کردن خواص غیرخطی و ناهمسانگردی مصالح، یک کد نوشته شده با فرترن به مدل افزوده شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر تحلیل دینامیکی می‌تواند خصوصا در دماهای بالا مقدار خیز روسازی را تا 44 درصد افزایش دهد. همچنین اثر ویژگی ویسکوالاستیک منجر به افزایش مقادیر خیز تا 27 درصد نسبت به حالت الاستیک شد. همسانگردی عرضی نیز تا 15 درصد افزایش در پاسخ خیز روسازی ایجاد نمود و با افزایش بیش از 50 درصدی پاسخ‌های بحرانی، منجر به پیش‌بینی عمر خستگی کوتاهتر و عمق شیارشدگی بیشتر شد. از سوی دیگر نتایج نشان داد درنظرگرفتن مدول غیرخطی به ویژه در لایه اساس منجر به تغییرات چشم‌گیر پاسخ‌های بحرانی می‌شود. حضور سنگ بستر نیز در عمق کمتر از 4 متر بر پاسخ دینامیکی سازه به ویژه در نقاط دور از مرکز بارگذاری مؤثر است. این مدل‌سازی می‌تواند مبنایی برای بهبود تحلیل پاسخ روسازی تحت بارگذاری FWD فراهم آورد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

افت وخیزسنج ضربه‌ای

تحلیل دینامیکی روسازی آسفالتی

ویسکوالاستیسیته

تحلیل غیرخطی

همسانگردی عرضی

---

عنوان مقاله English

Evaluation of the Effect of Material Properties on the Dynamic Response of Flexible Pavement under FWD Loading

نویسندگان English

Farzaneh Ghadyani Nezhad Razaki

Mohammadreza Khanmohammadi

Mahdi Shojaei

Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

چکیده English

A precise evaluation of pavement structural performance under the dynamic loading of the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) requires simultaneous consideration of complex material properties and loading conditions—an issue often treated only partially in previous studies. In this research, a finite element model was developed to dynamically simulate the response of flexible pavement subjected to FWD loading. The model was applied in a case study of a pavement in Khuzestan Province, and after validation, the effects of dynamic analysis, viscoelastic asphalt properties, anisotropic and nonlinear behavior of unbound materials, and the presence of bedrock were investigated. To include nonlinear and anisotropic characteristics, a FORTRAN subroutine was coded and integrated into the model. Results showed that dynamic analysis could increase pavement deflection by up to 44%, especially at high temperatures. Considering viscoelastic properties increased deflection values by up to 27% compared to the elastic condition. Transverse isotropy caused up to a 15% rise in pavement deflection and more than a 50% increase in critical responses, leading to shorter fatigue life and greater rutting depth. Moreover, the nonlinear modulus, particularly in the base layer, significantly affected critical responses. The presence of bedrock at depths shallower than 4 meters also influenced the dynamic response, mainly at points distant from the load center. This modeling framework can serve as a basis for improving the analysis and interpretation of pavement behavior under FWD loading.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD)

dynamic analysis of flexible pavement

viscoelasticity

non-linear analysis

transversely isotropic

مراجع

 

[1]    M. Nasimifar and M. Shojaee, “Evaluation of vehicle speed effect on continuous pavement surface deflection measurements,” International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 184–195, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-021-00017-1

[2]    M. A. Elseifi and Z. U. A. Zihan, “Assessment of the traffic speed deflectometer in Louisiana for pavement structural evaluation,” Louisiana Transportation Research Center, 2018.

[3]    M. Fakhri and R. S. Dezfoulian, “Pavement structural evaluation based on roughness and surface distress survey using neural network model,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 204, pp. 768–780, 2019.

[4]    Y. J. Chou, “Knowledge-based system for flexible pavement structural evaluation,” Journal of transportation engineering, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 450–466, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1993)119:3(450)

[5]    A. Ahmad, Z. U. Rehman, and A. H. Khan, “Developing Correlation Between Structural Parameter and Functional Parameter for Pavement Evaluation,” International Journal of Transportation Engineering, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1667–1677, 2024.

[6]    V. Vyas, A. P. Singh, and A. Srivastava, “Prediction of asphalt pavement condition using FWD deflection basin parameters and artificial neural networks,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 2748–2766, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1797855

[7]    FHWA, “Pavement Structural Evaluation at the Network Level,” Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development, p. 286, 2016.

[8]   A. Kavussi and N. Solatifar, “Analysis of the Results of FWD Back-Calculation Simulations in Asphalt Pavements,” The 1^st National Conference on Transportation Infrastructure. Tehran, 1392. (In Persian)

 [9]   K. Gkyrtis, “Pavement Analysis with the Consideration of Unbound Granular Material Nonlinearity,” Designs, vol. 7, no. 6, p. 142, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060142

[10] A. Adu-Osei, D. N. Little, and R. L. Lytton, “Cross-anisotropic characterization of unbound granular materials,” Transportation Research Record, vol. 1757, no. 1, pp. 82–91, 2001. https://doi.org/10.3141/1757-10

[11] A. Chabot, O. Chupin, L. Deloffre, and D. Duhamel, “Viscoroute 2.0 A: tool for the simulation of moving load effects on asphalt pavement,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 227–250, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2010.9690274

[12] K. Gkyrtis, C. Plati, and A. Loizos, “Mechanistic analysis of asphalt pavements in support of pavement preservation decision-making,” Infrastructures, vol. 7, no. 5, p. 61, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7050061

[13] M. A. Elseifi, I. L. Al-Qadi, and P. J. Yoo, “Viscoelastic Modeling and Field Validation of Flexible Pavements,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol. 132, no. 2. pp. 172–178, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2006)132:2(172)

[14] H. Wang and I. L. Al-Qadi, “Importance of nonlinear anisotropic modeling of granular base for predicting maximum viscoelastic pavement responses under moving vehicular loading,” Journal of engineering mechanics, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 29–38, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000465

[15] R. A. Tarefder, M. U. Ahmed, M. R. Islam, and M. T. Rahman, “Finite Element Model of Pavement Response Under Load Considering Cross-Anisotropy in Unbound Layers,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 20130102, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20130102

[16] A. Nega, D. Gedafa, and H. Nikraz, “Stress and Strain Characteristics in Flexible Pavement Using Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis,” International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1498–1512, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-024-00422-2

[17] B. Zhang, D. Wang, Y. Zhong, X. Li, H. Cai, and T. Wang, “Mechanical Analysis of Semi-Rigid Base Asphalt Pavement under the Influence of Groundwater with the Spectral Element Method,” Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 6, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062375

[18] Y. Deng, Y. Zhang, X. Luo, and R. L. Lytton, “Development of equivalent stationary dynamic loads for moving vehicular loads using artificial intelligence-based finite element model updating,” Engineering with Computers, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 2955–2974, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-021-01306-w

[19] T. Bai, Z. Cheng, X. Hu, L. Fuentes, and L. F. Walubita, “Viscoelastic modelling of an asphalt pavement based on actual tire-pavement contact pressure,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 2458–2477, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1766545

[20] N. Solatifar, A. Kavussi, M. Abbasghorbani, and S. W. Katicha, “Development of dynamic modulus master curves of in-service asphalt layers using MEPDG models,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 225–243, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1380688

[21] M. Li, “Pavement response analysis and modulus back-calculation for highway and airfield flexible pavements,” PhD dissertation Rutgers University-School of Graduate Studies, 2017. https://doi.org/doi:10.7282/T30K2CP7

[22] Q. Zhang, J. Zhao, and S. Guo, “Asphalt Rheological Properties Transformation from Frequency Domain to Temperature Domain Based on WLF Equation,” International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 167–175, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-021-00123-0

[23] S. W. Park and R. A. Schapery, “Methods of interconversion between linear viscoelastic material functions. Part I - A numerical method based on Prony series,” International journal of solids and structures, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1653–1675, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(98)00055-9

[24] American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, “Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide : A manual of practice (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: AASHTO.,” 2020.

[25] Y. Yao, J. Qian, J. Li, A. Zhang, and J. Peng, “Calculation and Control Methods for Equivalent Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Based on Nonuniform Distribution of Stress,” vol. 2019, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6809510

[26] C. Olidis and D. Hein, “Guide for the mechanistic-empirical design of new and rehabilitated pavement structures materials characterization,” TAC/ATC 2004 - 2004 Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Transportation Association of Canada: Transportation Innovation - Accelerating the Pace, 2004.

[27] B. Ghadimi, H. Nikraz, C. Leek, and A. Nega, “A Comparison between Effects of Linear and Non-linear Mechanistic Behaviour of Materials on the Layered Flexible Pavement Response,” Advanced Materials Research, vol. 723, pp. 12–21, 2013. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.723.12

[28] C. Rao et al., “Estimation of key PCC, base, subbase, and pavement engineering properties from routine tests and physical characteristics.,” Federal Highway Administration, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development, p. 214, 2012.

[29] A. Yau and H. L. Von Quintus, “Study of LTPP Laboratory Resilient Modulus Test Data and Response Characteristics : Final Report,” 2002.

[30] Y. Xiao and E. Tutumluer, “Best Value Granular Material for Road Foundations,” p. 167, 2012.

[31] Y. Xiao, E. Tutumluer, and J. Siekmeier, “Mechanistic–Empirical Evaluation of Aggregate Base and Granular Subbase Quality Affecting Flexible Pavement Performance in Minnesota.” Transportation research record, vol. 2227, no. 1, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3141/2227-11

[32] B. Michel, “Assessment of flexible airfield pavements using Heavy Weight Deflectometers. Development of a FEM dynamical time-domain analysis for the backcalculation of structural properties,” Doctoral dissertation, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2011.

[33] M. Li and H. Wang, “Development of ANN-GA program for backcalculation of pavement moduli under FWD testing with viscoelastic and nonlinear parameters,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 490–498, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1309197

[34] K. D. Hjelmstad and E. Taciroglu, “Analysis and Implementation of Resilient Modulus Models for Granular Solids,” Journal of engineering mechanics, vol. 126, no. 8, pp. 821–830, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:8(821)

[35] L. You et al., “Dynamic Viscoelastic Response of Asphalt Pavement With Random Transversely Isotropic Base Courses,” Transportation Research Record, vol. 2677, no. 8, pp. 37–53, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981231155417

[36] M. U. Ahmed, R. A. Tarefder, and M. R. Islam, “Effect of cross-anisotropy of hot-mix asphalt modulus on falling weight deflections and embedded sensor stress-strain,” Transportation research record, vol. 2369, pp. 20–29, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3141/2369-03

[37] R. A. Tarefder, M. U. Ahmed, and A. Rahman, “Effects of cross-anisotropy and stress-dependency of pavement layers on pavement responses under dynamic truck loading,” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 366–377, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.01.001

[38] J. M. Duncan, C. L. Monismith, and E. L. Wilson, “Finite Element Analyses of Pavements,” Highway Research Record, vol. 15, pp. 18–33, 1968.

[39] M. Li, H. Wang, G. Xu, and P. Xie, “Finite element modeling and parametric analysis of viscoelastic and nonlinear pavement responses under dynamic FWD loading,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 141, no. March, pp. 23–35, 2017.

[40] P. Praveen Kumar, B. V. Kiran Kumar, S. Manjunatha, and K. G. Subramanya, “Finite Element Modeling by ABAQUS for Rutting in Flexible Pavement,” surfaces, vol. 23, p. 24, 2024. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2024.120323

[41] M. Li and H. Wang, "Final report Final report: Nondestructive Evaluation of Pavement Structural Condition for Rehabilitation Design," 2016.

[42] H. S. Lee, “Viscowave - A new solution for viscoelastic wave propagation of layered structures subjected to an impact load.” pp. 542-557, 2013.

[43] K. Chatti, Y. Ji, and R. Harichandran, “Dynamic time domain backcalculation of layer moduli, damping, and thicknesses in flexible pavements,” Transportation research record, no. 1869, pp. 106–116, 2004. https://doi.org/10.3141/1869-13

[44] B. Definitions, “Mechanical Behavior of Time-Dependent , Viscoelastic , Materials,” 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56517-5_2

[45] F. Gu, X. Luo, Y. Zhang, R. Lytton, and H. Sahin, “Modeling of unsaturated granular materials in flexible pavements,” E3S Web Conference, vol. 9, 2016. https://doi.org10.1051/e3sconf/20160920002

[46] H. Wang, A. M. Asce, I. L. Al-qadi, and D. M. Asce, “Importance of Nonlinear Anisotropic Modeling of Granular Base for Predicting Maximum Viscoelastic Pavement Responses under Moving Vehicular Loading,” pp. 29–38, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000465

[47] N. Kazemi, M. Saleh, and C. L. Lee, “Effect of nonlinear stress-dependency and cross-anisotropy on the backcalculation outputs from the TSD deflection slopes and the effect on estimated pavement performance,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2024.2417967

[48] L. M. Pierce, K. D. Smith, J. E. Bruinsma, and N. Sivaneswaran, “Using Falling Weight Deflectometer Data with Mechanistic-Empirical Design and Analysis, Volume III: Guidelines for Deflection Testing, Analysis, and Interpretation,” ASTM International, vol. 1555 STP, no. December, pp. 205–218, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1520/STP104445

[49] Q. Sun, Y. Zhao, Y. Wang, R. Wang, and B. Li, “Bedrock Identification and Bedrock Depth Prediction in Asphalt Pavements Using Pavement System Transfer Function,” Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, vol. 44, no. 1, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-025-01159-z