Ferdowsi Civil Engineering

Ferdowsi Civil Engineering

Experimental Study of the Correlation between Resilient modulus and Uniaxial Compressive Strength in Chemical and Biological Stabilization of Clay Subgrade Soil

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Siamak Shafaghatian 1
Gholam Moradi 2
1 Department of Civil engineering, Khodabandeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khodabandeh, Iran
2 Faculty of Civil engineering, University of Tabriz , Tabriz, Iran
10.22067/jfcei.2024.83919.1248
Abstract
Due to the high cost and time-consuming nature of testing, it is useful and common to use valid correlation relationships with common soil parameters to determine the resilient modulus (MR) for design purposes. However, the validity of these relationships for stabilized soils has been less investigated. Stabilization of weak subgrade soil is a method of avoiding weak soil replacement costly and time-consuming problems. According to the Kyoto Protocol, a lot of research has been done on novel materials such as polymers and new methods like biological stabilization. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chemical and biological stabilization of clay subgrade soil on the resilient modulus and uniaxial compressive strength (qu) and accuracy of the Thompson model for correlation between these two parameters. For chemical stabilization, a solid polymer called Nicoflok and for biological stabilization, a biopolymer solution called Beta-glucan were employed. In both methods, the dry unit weight of the soil decreased and its optimum water content and qu increased. Despite similar results in the uniaxial test, the solid polymer increased the MR of the stabilized soil more than the biopolymer. Based on the regression analysis of tests data, the Thompson model had more accurate results in the Nicoflock stabilized soil than the biopolymer ones.
Keywords
Resilient modulus (MR)
The Thompson model
Chemical and biological stabilization of clay subgrade soil
Nicoflock
Betaglucan
  1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide: A manual of practice, 2008.
  2. Yousefi, W.M. Hasan, A. Saghayi, P. Ayar, M. Ameri, “Evaluation of mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures containing anti-stripping additives of GRIPPER® L, TeraGrip and WETMUL-95,” Ferdowsi Civil Engineering, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 31-34, 2021. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22067/jfcei.2022.72939.1070
  3. J. Qazizadeh, A. Kavussi, A.A. Sadeghi, H. Farhad, “Development of Fatigue Predictive Models for Asphalt Concrete Mixes Containing Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Based on Fracture Energy Concept,” Ferdowsi Civil Engineering, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 17-34, 2019. (In Prsian) https://doi.org/10.22067/civil.v32i2.66310
  4. Arm, “Variation in deformation properties of processed MSWI bottom ash: results from triaxial tests,” Waste Management, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1035-1042, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.07.013
  5. O. Tastan, T.B. Edil, C.H. Benson, A.H. Aydilek, “Stabilization of organic soils with fly ash,” Journal of geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 137, no. 9, pp. 819-833, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000502
  6. Ardah, Q. Chen, M. Abu-Farsakh, “Evaluating the performance of very weak subgrade soils treated/stabilized with cementitious materials for sustainable pavements,” Transportation Geotechnics, vol. 11, pp. 107-119, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.05.002
  7. Bhuvaneshwari, R. Robinson, S. Gandhi, “Resilient modulus of lime treated expansive soil,” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol.37, no. 1, pp. 305-315, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0610-z
  8. Pishvaei, M.J. Sharahi, M. Amelsakhi, “Laboratory Investigating into the Stabilization of Clay with Calcium Lignosulfonate and Polyethylene Fibers under Wetting and Drying Cycles,” Ferdowsi Civil Engineering, vol 14, no. 1, pp. 85-96, 2023. (In Prsian) https://doi.org/10.22067/jfcei.2023.74674.1112
  9. Kolay, A. Pant, V. Puri, S. Kumar, “Effect of Liquid Polymer Stabilizer on Geotechnical Properties of Fine-Grained Soil,” In Indian Geotechnical Conference, 2016, pp. 15-17.
  10. H. Hamdi, “Evaluation the Effect of Polyvinyl Chloride on Moisture Sensitivity of HMAt,” Ferdowsi Civil Engineering, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 1-16, 2019. (In Persian)  https://doi.org/10.22067/civil.v32i2.65335
  11. Miller, R. Willis, G. Levy, “Aggregate stabilization in kaolinitic soils by low rates of anionic polyacrylamide,” Soil use and management, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 101-105, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00623.x
  12. Zhang, Y. Deng, H. Lan, F. Zhang, H. Zhang, C. Wang, Y. Tan, R. Yu, “Experimental Investigation of the Compactability and Cracking Behavior of Polyacrylamide-Treated Saline Soil in Gansu Province,” China Polymers, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 90, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11010090
  13. J. Orts, A. Roa-Espinosa, R.E. Sojka, G.M. Glenn, S.H. Imam, K. Erlacher, J.S. Pedersen, “Use of synthetic polymers and biopolymers for soil stabilization in agricultural, construction, and military applications,” Journal of materials in civil engineering, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 58-66, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:1(58)
  14. Yongfeng, L. Songyu, H. Jian'an, L. Kan, D. Yanjun, J. Fei, “Strength and permeability of cemented soil with PAM,” Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Grouting and Deep Mixing, 2012, pp. 1800-1807. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412350.0155
  15. M. Gridchin, S. Zlotykh, “PMC Nicoflok research effect as mechanochemical activator on the cement characterestic used,” Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University Named. After V. G. Shukhov, vol. 5, no. 8, 2018. https://doi.org/10.12737/article_5af5a72640c9f7.36216170
  16. Gavrilina, A. Bondar, “Analysis of using nicoflok polymer-mineral additive for replacing stone materials as road bases,” In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, vol. 451, 2018. pp. 26-28. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/451/1/012086
  17. Kolay, B. Dhakal, “Geotechnical Properties and Microstructure of Liquid Polymer Amended Fine-Grained Soils,” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 38, pp. 2479-2491, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-01163-x
  18. Chiet, K. Kassim, K. Chen, U. Martula, C. Yah, A. Arefnia, Effect of Reagents Concentration on Biocementation of Tropical Residual Soil,” In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, vol. 136, 2015, pp. 27-29. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012030
  19. Chang, J. Im, G.-C. Cho, “Introduction of microbial biopolymers in soil treatment for future environmentally-friendly and sustainable geotechnical engineering,” Sustainability, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 251, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030251
  20. S. Dassanayake, S. Acharya, N. Abidi, “Biopolymer-based materials from polysaccharides: Properties, processing, characterization and sorption applications,” Advanced Sorption Process Applications, ch. 1, 2018. 10.5772/intechopen.80898
  21. Van de Velde, P. Kiekens, “Biopolymers: overview of several properties and consequences on their applications,” Polymer testing, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 433-442, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(01)00107-6
  22. Khayat, A. Yahia, “Effect of welan gum-high-range water reducer combinations on rheology of cement grout,” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 365-372, 1997.
  23. M. Cole, D.B. Ringelberg, C.M. Reynolds, “Small-scale mechanical properties of biopolymers,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental engineering, vol. 138, no. 9, pp. 1063-1074, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000680
  24. De Muynck, N. De Belie, W. Verstraete, “Microbial carbonate precipitation in construction materials: a review,” Ecological Engineering, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 118-136, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.02.006
  25. B. Ebrahimialavijeh Bahareh, Mokhtari Maryam, “Investigation of the effect of Polypropylene Fibers on compression strength and tensile strength of organic soil stabilized with lime and Xanthan-Gum biopolymer,” AUT Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1853-1870, 2021. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22060/ceej.2020.17185.6490
  26. Dione, M. Fall, Y. Berthaud, F. Benboudjama, A. Michou, “Implementation of Resilient Modulus–CBR relationship in Mechanistic Pavement Design,” Sciences Appliquées et de l'Ingénieur, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 65-71, 2014.
  27. E. UZ, M. Saltan, İ. GÖKALP, “Comparison of DCP, CBR, and RLT test results for granular pavement materials and subgrade with structural perspective,” International Symposium on Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering, 2015.  
  28. R. Christopher, C.W. Schwartz, R. Boudreaux, R.R. Berg, Geotechnical aspects of pavements Reference Manual, United States. Federal Highway Administration, 2006.
  29. Toohey, M. Mooney, R. Bearce, “Relationship between resilient modulus and unconfined compressive strength for lime-stabilized soils,” Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, vol. 139, no. 11, pp. 1982-1985, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000925
  30. -W. Park, H.V. Vo, Y. Lim, “Recycling of Dredged Soil Waste Using Air-foam Stabilization Method as Highway Construction Material,” Geo-Hubei 2014 International Conference on Sustainable Civil Infrastructure,  2014. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784478455.006
  31. V. Khruleva, G.I. Sobko, Application of Innovative Technologies in the Construction of Highways by the Stabilized Soils (Experience of the Nizhny Novgorod Region), Main Direction of Highway-Nizhny Novagorod Region-Russian, 2012. Available: http://www.guad.nnov.ru/?id=2936
  32. Chang, G.-C. Cho, “Geotechnical behavior of a beta-1, 3/1, 6-glucan biopolymer-treated residual soil,” Geomechanics and Engineering, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 633-647, 2014. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.7.6.633
  33. R. Prusinski, S. Bhattacharja, “Effectiveness of Portland cement and lime in stabilizing clay soils,” Transportation research record, vol. 1652, no. 1, pp. 215-227, 1999. https://doi.org/10.3141/1652-28
  34. Rezaie Moghaddam, B. Jafari Nader, T. Rezaie Moghaddam, “Laboratory Investigation of the Effect of “NICOFLOK” Polymer on the Compressive and Tensile Strength of Desert and Coastal Sand at the pavement Layers,” Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 733-748, 2021. https://doi.org/10.22060/ceej.2020.16612.6288

 

Send comment about this article
Enter Name.
Enter a valid email address.
Enter a vaid affiliation.
Enter comments (At leaset 10 words)
CAPTCHA Image
Enter Security Code Correctly.