Settlement Prediction of Shallow Foundations on Granular Soils Using Multi Expression Programming (MEP)

Document Type : پژوهشی

Authors

• Bahare Farahani ¹
• Ali Derakhshani ²

¹ Geotechnics, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

² Civil Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.

10.22067/jfcei.2021.61615.0

Abstract

Due to the non-homogeneous nature of cohesionless soils, and the complexity of the parameters related to settlement, generally the exact estimation of the foundation settlement involves many difficulties. This problem has been studied by many researchers and some equations have been proposed for estimating the settlement of shallow foundations. Because of the low accuracy of these equations, researchers are using more modern techniques like finite elements, finite difference, soft computing, and so on, for calculating the settlement. In the current study, a new model is proposed based on artificial intelligence to predict the settlement. The purpose of developing such models is to achieve more accurate and possibly simpler equations. In this paper, the performance of multi expression programming (MEP) method to predict the settlement of shallow foundations on granular soils is evaluated and the values obtained from the developed models are compared with those from the most accurate previous models. Then, the performance analysis, validation, parametric study and sensitivity analysis are performed. As can be seen from the results, the comparison between the MEP model and the most accurate models including ANN, GP, GEP and EPR in the technical literature showed that the model proposed in this study with correlation coefficient of 93.45 percent, performs better than most previously developed models.

Highlights

1. Schmertmann, J. H., "Static Cone to Compute Static Settlement over Sand", Journal of Soil Mechanics & Foundations Div, 96, No. 3, pp. 1011-1043, (1970).
2. Poulos, Harry George, "Settlement of Isolated Foundations", University of Sydney, School of Civil Engineering, (1975).
3. Shahin, M. A., Maier, H. R., and Jaksa, M. B., "Predicting Settlement of Shallow Foundations Using Neural Networks", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering9, pp. 785-793, (2002).
4. Maugeri, M., et al., "Observed and Computed Settlements of two Shallow Foundations on Sand",Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental engineering, Vol. 124.7, pp. 595-605, (1998).
5. Coduto, D. P., "Foundation Design; Priciples and Practis", Practice Hall International, New Jersey, (1994).
6. Sower, G. B., and G. F. Sower, "Introductory Soil Mechanics and Foundation", pp. 102, (1970).
7. Rezania, M., and Javadi, A. A., "A New Genetic Programming Model for Predicting Settlement of Shallow Foundations", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 44.12, pp. 1462-1473, (2007).
8. Shahnazari, H., Shahin, M. A., and Tutunchian, M. A., "Evolutionary-based Approaches for Settlement Prediction of Shallow Foundations on Cohesionless Soils", International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 12.1, pp. 55-64, (2014).
9. Derakhshani, A., "Estimating Uplift Capacity of Suction Caissons in Soft Clay: A Hybrid Computational Approach Based on Model Tree and GP", Ocean Engineering, Vo. 146, pp. 1-8, (2017).
10. Talebi, A., and Derakhshani, A., "Estimation of P-multipliers for Laterally Loaded Pile Groups in Clay and Sand", Ships and Offshore Structures, Vol. 14.3, pp. 229-237, (2019).
11. Khorrami, R., and Derakhshani, A., "Estimation of Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations Resting on Cohesionless Soils Using a New Hybrid M5'-GP Model", Geomechanics and Engineering, Vol. 19.2, pp. 127-139, (2019).
12. Oltean, M., and Dumitrescu, D., "Multi Expression Programming", Journal of Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, Kluwer, second tour of review, (2002).
13. Banzhaf, W., et al., Genetic Programming: An Introduction. Vol. 1. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, (1998).
14. Alavi, A. H., et al., "Utilisation of Computational Intelligence Techniques for Stabilised Soil", 6th International Conference on Engineering Computational Technology, ECT 2008, (2008).
15. Alavi, A. H., et al., "Soft Computing Based Approaches for High Performance Concrete", 6th International Conference on Engineering Computational Technology, ECT 2008, (2008).
16. Gandomi, A. H., et al., "Application of a Coupled Simulated Annealing-genetic Programming Algorithm to the Prediction of Bolted Joints Behavior",American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 3.2, pp. 153-162, (2008).
17. Gandomi, A. H., et al., "Behavior Appraisal of Steel Semi-rigid Joints Using Linear Genetic Programming", Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 65.8-9, pp. 1738-1750, (2009).
18. Cevik, A., and Firat Cabalar, A., "Modelling Damping Ratio and Shear Modulus of Sand–mica Mixtures Using Genetic Programming", Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 36.4, pp. 7749-7757, (2009).
19. Oltean, M., and Groşan, C., "Evolving Evolutionary Algorithms Using Multi Expression Programming", European Conference on Artificial Life, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 651-658, (2003).
20. Oltean, M., and Groşan, C., "A Comparison of Several Linear Genetic Programming Techniques", Complex Systems, 14.4, pp. 285-314, (2003).
21. Burland, J. B., et al., "Settlement of Foundations on Sand and Gravel",Proceedings of the institution of Civil Engineers,  78.6, pp. 1325-1381, (1985).
22. Meyerhof, G. G., "Shallow Foundations", Journal of Soil Mechanics & Foundations Div,91, Proc. pp. 4275, (1965).
23. Bazaraa, A., Sadik, S., "Use of the Standard Penetration Test for Estimating Settlements of Shallow Foundations on Sand", University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, (1968).
24. Briaud, J. L., and Gibbens, R., "Behavior of five large spread footings in sand", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,  125.9, pp. 787-796, (1999).
25. Burbidge, M. C., "A Case Study Review of Settlements on Granular Soil", Diss. Imperial College, University of London, (1982).
26. Picornell, M., and Del Monte, E., "Prediction of Settlements of Cohesive Granular soils", Measured Performance of Shallow Foundations, ASCE, (1988).
27. Wahls, H. E., "Settlement Analysis for Shallow Foundations on Sand", Proceedings of the 3rd International Geotechnical Engineering Conference, Cairo, Egypt, 7-28 , (1997).

 

 

Keywords

• Prediction of Settlement
• Shallow foundation
• Multi Expression Programming
• Granular soil

20.1001.1.27832805.1400.34.1.2.4

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References

1. Schmertmann, J. H., "Static Cone to Compute Static Settlement over Sand", Journal of Soil Mechanics & Foundations Div, 96, No. 3, pp. 1011-1043, (1970).
2. Poulos, Harry George, "Settlement of Isolated Foundations", University of Sydney, School of Civil Engineering, (1975).
3. Shahin, M. A., Maier, H. R., and Jaksa, M. B., "Predicting Settlement of Shallow Foundations Using Neural Networks", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering9, pp. 785-793, (2002).
4. Maugeri, M., et al., "Observed and Computed Settlements of two Shallow Foundations on Sand",Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental engineering, Vol. 124.7, pp. 595-605, (1998).
5. Coduto, D. P., "Foundation Design; Priciples and Practis", Practice Hall International, New Jersey, (1994).
6. Sower, G. B., and G. F. Sower, "Introductory Soil Mechanics and Foundation", pp. 102, (1970).
7. Rezania, M., and Javadi, A. A., "A New Genetic Programming Model for Predicting Settlement of Shallow Foundations", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 44.12, pp. 1462-1473, (2007).
8. Shahnazari, H., Shahin, M. A., and Tutunchian, M. A., "Evolutionary-based Approaches for Settlement Prediction of Shallow Foundations on Cohesionless Soils", International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 12.1, pp. 55-64, (2014).
9. Derakhshani, A., "Estimating Uplift Capacity of Suction Caissons in Soft Clay: A Hybrid Computational Approach Based on Model Tree and GP", Ocean Engineering, Vo. 146, pp. 1-8, (2017).
10. Talebi, A., and Derakhshani, A., "Estimation of P-multipliers for Laterally Loaded Pile Groups in Clay and Sand", Ships and Offshore Structures, Vol. 14.3, pp. 229-237, (2019).
11. Khorrami, R., and Derakhshani, A., "Estimation of Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations Resting on Cohesionless Soils Using a New Hybrid M5'-GP Model", Geomechanics and Engineering, Vol. 19.2, pp. 127-139, (2019).
12. Oltean, M., and Dumitrescu, D., "Multi Expression Programming", Journal of Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, Kluwer, second tour of review, (2002).
13. Banzhaf, W., et al., Genetic Programming: An Introduction. Vol. 1. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, (1998).
14. Alavi, A. H., et al., "Utilisation of Computational Intelligence Techniques for Stabilised Soil", 6th International Conference on Engineering Computational Technology, ECT 2008, (2008).
15. Alavi, A. H., et al., "Soft Computing Based Approaches for High Performance Concrete", 6th International Conference on Engineering Computational Technology, ECT 2008, (2008).
16. Gandomi, A. H., et al., "Application of a Coupled Simulated Annealing-genetic Programming Algorithm to the Prediction of Bolted Joints Behavior",American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 3.2, pp. 153-162, (2008).
17. Gandomi, A. H., et al., "Behavior Appraisal of Steel Semi-rigid Joints Using Linear Genetic Programming", Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 65.8-9, pp. 1738-1750, (2009).
18. Cevik, A., and Firat Cabalar, A., "Modelling Damping Ratio and Shear Modulus of Sand–mica Mixtures Using Genetic Programming", Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 36.4, pp. 7749-7757, (2009).
19. Oltean, M., and Groşan, C., "Evolving Evolutionary Algorithms Using Multi Expression Programming", European Conference on Artificial Life, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 651-658, (2003).
20. Oltean, M., and Groşan, C., "A Comparison of Several Linear Genetic Programming Techniques", Complex Systems, 14.4, pp. 285-314, (2003).
21. Burland, J. B., et al., "Settlement of Foundations on Sand and Gravel",Proceedings of the institution of Civil Engineers,  78.6, pp. 1325-1381, (1985).
22. Meyerhof, G. G., "Shallow Foundations", Journal of Soil Mechanics & Foundations Div,91, Proc. pp. 4275, (1965).
23. Bazaraa, A., Sadik, S., "Use of the Standard Penetration Test for Estimating Settlements of Shallow Foundations on Sand", University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, (1968).
24. Briaud, J. L., and Gibbens, R., "Behavior of five large spread footings in sand", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,  125.9, pp. 787-796, (1999).
25. Burbidge, M. C., "A Case Study Review of Settlements on Granular Soil", Diss. Imperial College, University of London, (1982).
26. Picornell, M., and Del Monte, E., "Prediction of Settlements of Cohesive Granular soils", Measured Performance of Shallow Foundations, ASCE, (1988).
27. Wahls, H. E., "Settlement Analysis for Shallow Foundations on Sand", Proceedings of the 3rd International Geotechnical Engineering Conference, Cairo, Egypt, 7-28 , (1997).