The effect of the method of using waste carbonate cake on the compressive and tensile strength of green concrete

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Zahra Heydari ¹
• Rasoul Shadnia ¹
• Davood Mostofinejad ²
• Shadzi Rezaei ¹

¹ Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.

² Faculty of Civil Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.

10.22067/jfcei.2024.88715.1307

Abstract

A large amount of waste from sugar factories is accumulated as waste. The purpose of this research is to recycle the waste of these factories, called carbonate cake (calcium carbonate mud, lime carbonate and lime sludge), which production is a serious problem for these factories and the environment, as a substitute for part of cement used in concrete. Due to the heterogeneous size of particles and for the greater similarity of the size of its grains with cement particles, carbonated cake with three methods: dissolved in water of mixing plan, sieved and ground, was used in different designs. Laboratory concrete samples were made with a water-cement ratio of 0.35 and with different percentages of replacing carbonate cake instead of cement equal to 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40, and finally, the compressive strength of 28- and 56-day samples and the tensile strength of 28-day samples was measured. It is possible to replace it up to at least 20% by weight of cement, without significantly reducing the compressive and tensile strengths in concrete; Quantitatively, the results indicate that the compressive strength of 28- and 56-day samples and tensile strength of 28-day samples with 20% waste powder instead of cement have decreased by 6.5, 10, and 5.4%, respectively, compared to the control samples without powder. It is worth noting that carbonate cake recycling causes reduction in industrial waste, waste transportation cost, waste disposal cost and removing inappropriate smell and organic materials. The use of this green concrete in construction industry is recommended.

Keywords

• Sugar factory waste
• recycling
• carbonate cake
• strength
• green concrete

---

References

[1] J. A. Becerra-Duitama, D. Rojas-Avellaneda, "Pozzolans: A review", Engineering and Applied Science Research, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 495-504, (2022).

[2] C. B. Sisman, E. Gezer, "Performance characteristics of concrete containing natural and artificial pozzolans", J Food Agr Env 9, no. 2, pp. 132-136, (2011).

[3] G. Pachideh, M. Gholhaki and H. Ketabdari, "Effect of pozzolanic wastes on mechanical properties, durability and microstructure of the cementitious mortars", Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 29, pp.101178, (2020).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101178

[4] M. Gholhaki, M. Sharbatdar and G. Pachideh, "An experimental investigation into the mechanical performance and microstructure of cementitious mortars containing recycled waste materials subjected to various environments", Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 61, pp. 105275, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105275

[5] G. Huang, D. Pudasainee, R. Gupta and W. V. Liu, "Utilization and performance evaluation of molasses as a retarder and plasticizer for calcium sulfoaluminate cement-based mortar", Construction and Building Materials, vol. 243, pp. 118201, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118201

[6] X. Gao, Y. Yang and H. Deng, "Utilization of beet molasses as a grinding aid in blended cements", Construction and Building Materials, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 3782-3789, (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.041

[7] B. Ali, L. A. Qureshi, "Durability of recycled aggregate concrete modified with sugarcane molasses", Construction and Building Materials, vol. 229, pp. 116913, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116913

[8] P. Puligundla, C. Mok, "Valorization of sugar beet pulp through biotechnological approaches: recent developments", Biotechnology Letters, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 1253-1263, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-021-03146-6

[9] B. Joanna, B. Michal, D Piotr, W. Agnieszka, K. Dorota and W. Izabela, "Sugar beet pulp as a source of valuable biotechnological products", In Advances in biotechnology for food industry, pp. 359-392. Academic Press, (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811443-8.00013-X

[10] P. Borysiuk, I. Jenczyk-Tolloczko, R. Auriga and M. Kordzikowski, "Sugar beet pulp as raw material for particleboard production", Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 141, pp. 111829, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111829

[11] C. Caliceti, M. Malaguti, L. Marracino, M. C. Barbalace, P. Rizzo and S. Hrelia, "Agri-food waste from apple, pear, and sugar beet as a source of protective bioactive molecules for endothelial dysfunction and its major complications", Antioxidants, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 1786, (2022).https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091786

[12] M. Aljabri, S. Alharbi, R. |N. Al-Qthanin, F. M. Ismaeil, J. Chen and S. F. Abou-Elwafa, "Recycling of beet sugar byproducts and wastes enhances sugar beet productivity and salt redistribution in saline soils", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 28, pp. 45745-45755, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13860-3

[13] M. Benbati, M. El Hansali, E. El Azhari, M. Mounsif, A. Haddioui, B. Benjelloun and A. Keli, "Effects of the incorporation of ensiled sugar beet pulp in the diet on lambs fattening performance." Options Méditerranéennes, vol. 125, pp. 413-415, (2021).

[14] H. Diao, A. Jiao, B. Yu, J. He, P. Zheng, J. Yu, D. Chen, "Beet pulp: an alternative to improve the gut health of growing pigs", Animals, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1860, (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101860

[15] L. F. Wang, E. Beltranena and R. T. Zijlstra, "Diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs fed sugar beet pulp", Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol. 211, pp. 145-152, (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.11.005

[16] M. M. Salman, A. A. Muttar, "The mechanical properties of Lime Concrete." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 180-191, (2017).

[17] M. Cao, X. Ming, K. He, L. Li and S. Shen, "Effect of macro-, micro-and nano-calcium carbonate on properties of cementitious composites—A review." Materials, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 781, (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050781

[18] I. Maruyama, W. Kotaka, B. N. Kien, R. Kurihara, M. Kanematsu, H. Hyodo, T. Noguchi, "A new concept of calcium carbonate concrete using demolished concrete and CO2",  Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 1052-1060, (2021). https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.19.1052

[19] P. A. Adesina, F. A. Olutoge, "Structural properties of sustainable concrete developed using rice husk ash and hydrated lime",  Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 25, pp. 100804, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100804

[20] M. Soleimani Dashtaki, A. Heydari, M. Fadaei Dah Cheshmeh, "The effect of limestone on compressive and bending strength of cement. " Fifth National Conference on Applied Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Management, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran, December 2-3, (2018), (In Persian).

 [21] D. Mostofinejad, H. H. Nazari Monfared, "Adding slag and limestone powder to concrete to increase its durability in sulfate environment", Transportation research paper, scientific-research quarterly, third year, no.2, (2006). (In Persian)

[22] K. Phuyal, U. Sharma, J. Mahar, K. Mondal and M. Mashal, "Reducing Carbon Footprint with Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) in Geotechnical Applications", Preprints, pp. 2023091674,(2023). https://doi.org/ 10.20944/preprints202309.1674.v1

[23] M. Soydal Ulku, M. Esen, "Evaluation of sugar mill lime waste in biobased epoxy composites." Polymer Composites, 39, no. 3, pp. 924-935, (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24019

[24] A. M. Rashad, M. Gharieb, H. Shoukry, M. M. Mokhtar, "Valorization of sugar beet waste as a foaming agent for metakaolin geopolymer activated with phosphoric acid", Construction and Building Materials, vol. 344, pp. 128240, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128240

[25] A. M. Rashad, S. R. Zeedan, M. Gharieb, "Appreciation of sugar beet waste in metakaolin geopolymer mortar for compressive strength and drying shrinkage", Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, vol. 37, pp. 101429, (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2024.101429

[26] Z. Sapronova, S. Sverguzova, E. Fomina, E. Fokina, "Carbonate-containing precipitate of sugar production from sugar beet as filler for polymer concrete." In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 365, no. 3, pp. 032042, (2018).

[27] H. Li, W. Xu, X. Yang  and J. Wu, "Preparation of Portland cement with sugar filter mud as lime-based raw material." Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, pp.107-112, (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.003

[28] H. Karimi Dehkordi, A. Heydari, "Investigating the use of lime waste instead of sand in concrete. " 1st Urban Services and Environment Conference, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran, October 8, (2013), (In Persian).

[29] H. Karimi Dehkordi, A. Heydari, "Application of lime waste from sugar factories as stone material in concrete production." 1st International Conference on Environmental Crises and Its Solutions, Islamic Azad University Science and Research, Khuzestan Branch, Ahvaz, February 13-14, (2012). (In Persian)

 [30] M. Gharieb, A. M. Rashad, "An initial study of using sugar-beet waste as a cementitious material." Construction and Building Materials, vol. 250, pp. 118843, (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014694

[31] K. Phuyal, U. Sharma, J. Mahar, K. Mondal and M. Mashal, "A sustainable and environmentally friendly concrete for structural applications", Sustainability, 15, no. 20, pp. 14694, (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014694

[32]  National Standard No. 302 - Characteristics of concrete aggregates, Iran National Standards Organization, Third Revision, (2015). (In Persian)

[33] Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center, The National Method for Concrete Mix Design, Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center ,Third Edition, (2006).

[34] ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary.

[35] ASTM C496-96 Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.